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- BUSINESS, Page 54Foot's ParadiseWith a mix of fashion and engineering, athletic shoes leap offthe shelvesBy Barbara Rudolph
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- Jennifer the Valley Girl, whose most strenuous exercise
- consists of cruising the local shopping mall, favors $64 pink L.A.
- Gear athletic shoes with Western-style, imitation-silver buckles.
- Arthur the accountant, who bicycles ten miles before picking up his
- calculator in the morning, wears TC Lite, Nike's $85 cycling model.
- His weekend tennis partner rushes the net in Reebok's $80
- Italian-made Cosenza tennis shoes, with the brand name discreetly
- scrawled in the corner.
-
- Only fuddy-duddies still think of sneakers as inexpensive,
- all-purpose athletic shoes with heavy rubber soles. Today's models
- are an exacting mixture of fashion and technology, composed of such
- materials as synthetic leather and Hexalite, a cushiony substance
- used in Reebok's newest soles. Not just athletic shoes, they are
- space-age wonders that boast such features as air-cylinder
- suspension systems, anatomically molded ankle collars, outrigger
- soles and adjustable support straps. They answer to names like Air
- Skylon, 360 Jam, Disc-Drive and Tiger Gel Epirus. Manufacturers are
- bombarding customers with different models for "technical" and
- "nontechnical" running, for walking, wrestling and even coaching
- and cheerleading.
-
- As a result, Americans are lacing up 200 million pairs of
- brand-name athletic shoes a year. Not satisfied to sell only shoes,
- companies are diversifying into T shirts, sweaters and shorts
- emblazoned with their names. All told, the market for athletic
- shoes will reach $9 billion in retail sales this year, up about 15%
- from 1988. In a grueling race for market share, once sagging Nike
- is racing back with revenues of $1.7 billion for the fiscal year
- that ended in May. Analysts estimate that Nike now claims a 26%
- share of the market for brand-name athletic shoes. Based in
- Beaverton, Ore., the company is nosing ahead of its archrival
- Reebok, which controls about 22% of the market. Striding into the
- No. 3 position is trendy L.A. Gear, which has grabbed about 13% by
- selling shoes designed more for fashion than performance. Among the
- runners-up: Converse, Adidas, Keds and New Balance.
-
- When the jogging and fitness craze began in the mid-1970s,
- athletic-shoe manufacturers were dubbed "Adidas and the Seven
- Dwarfs." But by the early 1980s, while West Germany's Adidas
- remained No. 1 outside the U.S., fast-rising Nike dominated the
- American market. The company was started in 1972 by current
- chairman Philip Knight, 52, a University of Oregon graduate, and
- Bill Bowerman, 78, his former track coach, who used a waffle iron
- to make their first soles. (The now famous Swoosh trademark on the
- side of the shoes was designed by an art student for $35.) Nike's
- sales sprinted from $270 million in 1980 to $920 million in 1984.
- But the firm, named after the Greek goddess of victory, had trouble
- managing its explosive growth. Not long after the company tried to
- meet increased demand by assigning more production to Chinese
- factories in 1985, Nike's quality inspectors were rejecting four
- out of five of the Chinese-made shoes. Nike's push to satisfy the
- expanding mass market eroded its performance image.
-
- As Nike faltered, Reebok galloped ahead. Beginning its life in
- the U.S. as a subsidiary of a British shoemaker founded in the
- 1890s, Reebok, based in Canton, Mass., is now a publicly held firm
- that owns its former parent company. Its mid-'80s success came from
- inventing and persistently exploiting the market for women's
- aerobic shoes, a shift in the business that Nike had completely
- missed. Reebok's revenues zoomed from $4 million in 1982 to $900
- million by 1986.
-
- This year Nike, which Knight has invigorated by decentralizing
- decision making and encouraging innovation, has gained a second
- wind with dozens of new models in 24 footwear categories. Nowadays
- any top contender in the industry must constantly upgrade its
- products (almost all of which are designed in the U.S. but made in
- Asia) just to stay in the race. Though industry analysts estimate
- that 80% of all sneakers are used for nothing more taxing than
- taking out the garbage, consumers want the illusion of having a
- competitive edge.
-
- Shoe designers finely tune each category of shoe to its
- particular activity by studying human motion and physiology.
- Reebok's baseball shoes, for example, have a specially designed
- cleat pattern called SpeedSlot for fast starts and stops. Crafty
- Nike marketeers have also invented in-between products, most
- notably the cross-trainer shoe, designed for an all-around athlete.
- Cross-trainers offer enough lateral support for the sideways
- motions of aerobics and basketball but are light and flexible
- enough for jogging too.
-
- On the cutting edge of shoe science, Nike and Reebok are
- engaged in a battle that is based on thin air. The Air Nike line
- of basketball shoes, which contain pockets of compressed gas in the
- soles to provide cushioning, became an instant hit two years ago
- when transparent plastic windows were added to show off the air
- cells. The most popular model is the Air Jordan (price: $110),
- named for Chicago Bulls superstar Michael Jordan, who receives an
- undisclosed royalty for each pair of shoes sold. This year Reebok
- is fighting back with its Energy Return System, found in its ERS
- Showtime model (price: $79). Its soles contain an arrangement of
- cylinders, made of a synthetic called Hytrel, which compress on
- impact and provide extra spring. Taking the next engineering leap,
- both Reebok and Nike have developed shoes with inflatable sides and
- collars for extra support.
-
- Not every manufacturer is chasing the perfect technology. L.A.
- Gear has become a major contender by selling shoes mostly for show,
- not sport. Adorned with bright-neon trim, buckles and rhinestones
- and worn by svelte blonds in the company's TV commercials, L.A.
- Gear's shoes suggest sex and Southern California. One of the
- brand's top sellers is Street Brats ($60), with contrasting-color
- laces, marbleized leather and tongues that stick straight up. L.A.
- Gear was started in 1979 by Robert Greenberg, 49, a hairdresser
- turned entrepreneur who keeps his finger on the pulse of California
- shopping culture. Says he: "I'm a mallaholic. I need to go to a
- mall at least twice a week, or I get the shakes." Sales at L.A.
- Gear accelerated from $11 million in 1985 to $224 million in 1988
- and are expected to more than double this year.
-
- A shoemaker's fortunes rely heavily on advertising. Nike's
- theme, "Just Do It," which urges would-be customers to get off
- their couches and onto their exercise bicycles, has been widely
- praised. But Reebok's recent "Let U.B.U." ad campaign, which
- starred eccentric characters in surrealistic situations, was
- considered a bust. All the major manufacturers have hired celebrity
- pitchmen. Nike pays multitalented pro athlete Bo Jackson to sell
- its cross-trainer shoe, and Joan Benoit Samuelson to advertise its
- running line. L.A. Gear keeps retired Los Angeles Lakers star
- Kareem Abdul-Jabbar on its payroll; his former coach Pat Riley is
- under contract with Reebok.
-
- Having paid heavily to pump up their images, footwear-makers
- capitalize on their cachet by emblazoning their emblems on
- clothing. Nike, whose apparel sales reached $208 million in fiscal
- 1989, sells hundreds of garments ranging from lemon-colored cotton
- jerseys to hot-pink bicycle shorts. Next spring Nike will launch
- an Aqua Gear line for wind surfers and other hardy types.
-
- Manufacturers are furiously bringing out new clothes and shoes,
- in part because they know that the industry's rapid growth is
- slowing down. Baby boomers, for example, are slacking off in their
- exercise regimens. While last year's 15% growth rate was healthy
- by any measure, it was down from 29% the previous year. As they
- pour money into R. and D., the shoemakers hope to come up with new
- products that weekend athletes can't resist. One new customer of
- note: Batman, whose movie shoes were based on Nike's cross-trainer.